Five years ago, crytosporidium, a single-celled parasite living in the intestines of warm-blooded mammals, caused the deaths for more than 50 people in Milwaukee and sickened almost 400,000 others.
The fact that crytosporidium is resistant to chlorine disinfection, the method commonly used to ensure safe drinking water, concerns experts.
"The dormant form of crytosporidium, called an oocyst, are tough-walled," says Dr. James Hairston, an Alabama Cooperative Extension System water quality scientist. "These oocysts can survive a variety of hostile environmental conditions including chlorine disinfection.
The physical removal of occysts during water filtration is essential to public health. The cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee was linked to a faulty water-filtration system.
During filtration, water pumped from rivers or lakes into a treatment plant is mixed with coagulants that help remove material in the water.
The federal Environmental Protection Agency have set standards for sediment and coliform bacteria amounts allowed in drinking water. Both are considered good indicators of the presence of pathogens in water. Frequent monitoring during the treatment process also is required to ensure early detection of public health-related problems. However, even with these stringent standards, officials can't be certain of detecting cryptosporidium.
"Unfortunately, there are no water quality indicators to reliably predict the occurrence of cryptosporidiosis," Hairston says. But, more accurate and rapid tests are being developed so residents can be alerted immediately if water supply is contaminated. Experts are confident these rapid-response techniques will go a long way toward reducing the risk of massive outbreaks similar to what occurred in Milwaukee in 1993.
The risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis from public drinking water varies depending on the quality of the source water and the type of water treatment system. People suffering from immune system disorders, such as AIDS, should be especially aware of the risks associated with cryptosporidium, Hairston says.
"Since HIV-infected people are especially vulnerable to the effects of cryptosporidiosis, they should closely follow guidelines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and talk with their health-care providers about safe drinking water," Hairston says.
Although boiling remains the best method for safeguarding against the parasite, Hairston says point-of-use filters also are effective against the parasite.
Whatever device one chooses, he says it's essential that the filters possess an "absolute" pore size of one micron or smaller in order to guarantee the oocysts will be removed.
The most common symptom of crytosporidiosis is diarrhea, accompanied by abdominal cramping, nausea, low-grade fever and/or dehydration. Symptoms usually develop from two to 10 days after infection.
"Generally, healthy people are ill with cryptosporidium for only a few days but symptoms can last up to two weeks," says Hairston, adding that some may not even show symptoms. "Some, on the other hand, seem to recover and get worse again, and those who are infected may shed occysts in their stools for months, even after the symptoms have disappeared," he adds.
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3 Responses to “Remove Parasites with Water Ionizers”
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